實(shí)驗(yàn)室目標(biāo)和宗旨
周曉林教授領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的腦與語(yǔ)言認(rèn)知實(shí)驗(yàn)室力圖揭示人類自然語(yǔ)言加工的認(rèn)知與神經(jīng)機(jī)制。當(dāng)前實(shí)驗(yàn)室研究的問題是漢語(yǔ)句子與段落加工的認(rèn)知表征與神經(jīng)過程，涉及到漢語(yǔ)的句法、語(yǔ)義、語(yǔ)用和韻律信息如何被加工和利用，以及它們之間相互作用的機(jī)制。我們?cè)噲D從行為和神經(jīng)層面，揭示各種語(yǔ)言學(xué)現(xiàn)象背后的心理與神經(jīng)現(xiàn)實(shí)性，同時(shí)探討語(yǔ)言加工系統(tǒng)與其他高級(jí)認(rèn)知加工系統(tǒng)，比如與執(zhí)行功能以及與社會(huì)認(rèn)知之間的關(guān)系。
研究手段和技術(shù)路線
1. 眼球運(yùn)動(dòng)追蹤（Eye-tracking）——對(duì)文本閱讀中的眼動(dòng)控制進(jìn)行記錄，除常規(guī)記錄外，還采用更先進(jìn)的“邊界范式”進(jìn)行精確的信息控制。后者的特點(diǎn)是計(jì)算機(jī)會(huì)根據(jù)被試加工信息的狀況，及時(shí)改變呈現(xiàn)在屏幕上的刺激。該技術(shù)能較好地模擬自然狀態(tài)的閱讀過程；
2. 事件相關(guān)電位（ERP）——在頭皮表面記錄被試對(duì)呈現(xiàn)刺激的腦電活動(dòng)反應(yīng)，該技術(shù)有較高的時(shí)間分辨率，較好地反映語(yǔ)言加工過程的時(shí)間進(jìn)程；
3. 功能核磁共振成像（fMRI）——記錄被試在刺激呈現(xiàn)時(shí)大腦血氧水平的變化，該技術(shù)有較高的空間分辨率，能較精確地定位語(yǔ)言活動(dòng)腦區(qū)。
當(dāng)前研究?jī)?nèi)容
1） 漢語(yǔ)不同層級(jí)語(yǔ)言結(jié)構(gòu)的句法和語(yǔ)義加工
人類與高級(jí)靈長(zhǎng)類動(dòng)物在語(yǔ)言能力上的核心差異在于是否具有加工復(fù)雜、層級(jí)化結(jié)構(gòu)的能力。人類在進(jìn)化的過程中發(fā)展出遞歸的能力來(lái)對(duì)復(fù)雜短語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)進(jìn)行加工，因而在種系發(fā)生的過程中，人類的大腦也相應(yīng)發(fā)展出新皮層來(lái)負(fù)責(zé)這一重要的語(yǔ)言功能。我們?cè)噲D從神經(jīng)層面回答：不同層級(jí)（單層級(jí)vs多層級(jí)）句法結(jié)構(gòu)加工背后的神經(jīng)活動(dòng)以及功能定位是否不同？不同層級(jí)句法水平上的語(yǔ)義整合是否表現(xiàn)出不同的認(rèn)知與神經(jīng)機(jī)制？高低層級(jí)句法水平上的語(yǔ)義整合過程之間如何發(fā)生交互作用？
2） 語(yǔ)言理解與執(zhí)行功能的關(guān)系
人類在面臨沖突情境時(shí)會(huì)動(dòng)用高級(jí)執(zhí)行功能（比如抑制、更新和監(jiān)控機(jī)制）來(lái)解決這一沖突。我們關(guān)心在語(yǔ)言理解的任務(wù)中，當(dāng)句法信息與語(yǔ)義信息之間，預(yù)期與整合通路之間，語(yǔ)義與韻律線索之間產(chǎn)生沖突的時(shí)候，人們是動(dòng)用領(lǐng)域一般性的（general）還是語(yǔ)言特異性的(specific)執(zhí)行功能來(lái)解決沖突？在執(zhí)行功能任務(wù)中表現(xiàn)出行為差異的被試在理解包含沖突信息的句子時(shí)是否表現(xiàn)出不同的神經(jīng)過程？人們?cè)诮鉀Q不同類型的語(yǔ)言沖突時(shí)，在多大程度上采用相同或不同的神經(jīng)機(jī)制？
3） 漢語(yǔ)韻律節(jié)奏模式的加工
節(jié)奏模式來(lái)源于輕重音的交替。漢語(yǔ)的節(jié)奏模式變化體現(xiàn)為音段長(zhǎng)短的排列。節(jié)奏模式在漢語(yǔ)中有著很重要的地位。首先，節(jié)奏模式限制了漢語(yǔ)的構(gòu)詞、構(gòu)語(yǔ)。其次，節(jié)奏模式也是展現(xiàn)語(yǔ)言表現(xiàn)力的關(guān)鍵。我們常常在自然言語(yǔ)中運(yùn)用音段長(zhǎng)短的對(duì)立、以及周期性有規(guī)律的序列來(lái)構(gòu)成語(yǔ)言的抑揚(yáng)頓挫，甚至表達(dá)某種結(jié)構(gòu)或語(yǔ)義關(guān)系。我們關(guān)心中國(guó)人在加工韻律節(jié)奏時(shí)表現(xiàn)出怎么樣的神經(jīng)過程？以及韻律節(jié)奏模式的加工如何與語(yǔ)義和句法過程加工之間進(jìn)行交互作用？
4） 語(yǔ)義焦點(diǎn)與語(yǔ)義轄域(semantic scope)的加工
人類語(yǔ)言交際最重要的功能之一就是通過一系列外部線索獲得話語(yǔ)的精確含義。在說(shuō)話過程中，說(shuō)話人往往需要突出一些重要的信息，隱藏另一些不重要的信息；在理解說(shuō)話的過程中，理解者往往需要利用一系列的外部線索（比如焦點(diǎn)線索），來(lái)保持和說(shuō)話人有關(guān)重要信息的一致性。運(yùn)用焦點(diǎn)結(jié)構(gòu)在實(shí)際的語(yǔ)用中能夠更好地引起聽者的注意，使聽者能夠迅速了解說(shuō)話者想要強(qiáng)調(diào)的部分，從而高效地傳達(dá)說(shuō)話者想要傳達(dá)的信息。語(yǔ)義焦點(diǎn)的兩個(gè)最重要的語(yǔ)義特征是“反預(yù)期”和“語(yǔ)用尺度”，分別反映了人類語(yǔ)言交際中的強(qiáng)調(diào)功能和預(yù)設(shè)功能。我們關(guān)心漢語(yǔ)中語(yǔ)義焦點(diǎn)信息如何影響句子理解過程？反預(yù)期和預(yù)期的神經(jīng)機(jī)制是否相同？語(yǔ)用尺度如何在神經(jīng)活動(dòng)上進(jìn)行表征？漢語(yǔ)和印歐語(yǔ)最大的差異在于其缺乏形態(tài)標(biāo)記的句法信息，漢語(yǔ)句子成分間通過約束和管轄方式進(jìn)行聯(lián)系（語(yǔ)義轄域范疇），包括全稱量詞、動(dòng)詞、關(guān)聯(lián)詞、否定詞等對(duì)漢語(yǔ)句子特定成分的語(yǔ)義約束和管轄，我們關(guān)心人們?cè)诩庸ふZ(yǔ)義轄域與詞匯語(yǔ)義制約關(guān)系時(shí)有什么樣不同的神經(jīng)機(jī)制？動(dòng)詞因果性或反身性是否會(huì)影響指代歧義消解的加工？邏輯關(guān)聯(lián)詞和否定信息如何促進(jìn)或者阻礙句子語(yǔ)義表征的建立？
5） 語(yǔ)言理解過程中情緒和社會(huì)信息的加工
為了促進(jìn)人與人之間的交流、實(shí)現(xiàn)有效的溝通，人們?cè)谠捳Z(yǔ)中通過韻律或修辭來(lái)傳遞情感信息，并達(dá)到一定的語(yǔ)用效果。在人際溝通的過程中，會(huì)話參與者本身的特點(diǎn)、會(huì)話的場(chǎng)合和共有知識(shí)都會(huì)影響聽話人的言語(yǔ)理解和說(shuō)話人的言語(yǔ)產(chǎn)生。情緒和社會(huì)信息都是語(yǔ)言核心系統(tǒng)外部的重要變量（又被稱為語(yǔ)用信息），我們關(guān)心不同類型的語(yǔ)用信息在神經(jīng)活動(dòng)上如何表征？當(dāng)語(yǔ)用信息與句法或語(yǔ)義信息不一致時(shí)，有什么樣的認(rèn)知和神經(jīng)過程參與？
6） 漢語(yǔ)閱讀文本過程中的眼動(dòng)控制機(jī)制
在自然語(yǔ)言理解中，印歐語(yǔ)閱讀者利用詞匯邊界對(duì)文本進(jìn)行切分，而漢語(yǔ)與其他語(yǔ)言最大的不同在于詞匯之間沒有邊界，我們關(guān)心中文讀者是否在缺乏明顯詞邊界的線索時(shí)仍然選擇詞匯單元來(lái)進(jìn)行眼跳？前視野閱讀是指信息在關(guān)鍵詞的前一個(gè)詞匯單元上得到部分的預(yù)加工，我們關(guān)心中文讀者是否在前視野中加工語(yǔ)義信息？韻律邊界的切分是否會(huì)影響前視野中語(yǔ)義信息的獲得？以及其他類型的語(yǔ)義信息（包括邏輯語(yǔ)義運(yùn)算）是否能夠在前視野中得到加工？
實(shí)驗(yàn)室科研隊(duì)伍
博士后：閻鳴
博士生：葉錚、蔣曉鳴、羅穎藝、邱寅晨（東南）
碩士生：張洋、李曉倩
本科生：李奕、諸夢(mèng)妍、于宏波、龔蘭蘊(yùn)
以往成員：張亞旭、莊捷、曲延軒、曾飚、賽曉光、瑪依拉·亞克甫、沙淑穎、李戀敬、彭曉哲、易莉、潭瀅瀅、李嘉
主要研究成果
Luo, Y. & Zhou, X. (submitted). ERP evidence for the online processing of rhythmic pattern during Chinese sentence reading.
Yan, M., Kliegl, R., Shu, H., Pan, J., & Zhou, X. (submitted). Parafoveal load of word n+1 modulates preprocessing of word n+2.
Zhou, X., & Marslen-Wilson, W. D. (in press). Pseudohomophone effects in processing Chinese compound words. Language and Cognitive Processes.
Ye, Z., & Zhou, X. (2009). Executive control in language processing. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews.
Jiang, X., Tan, Y., & Zhou, X. (2009). Processing the universal quantifier during sentence comprehension: ERP evidence. Neuropsychologia.
Jiang, X., & Zhou, X. (2009). Processing different levels of syntactic hierarchy: an ERP study on Chinese. Neuropsychologia, 46, 1282-1293.
Ye, Z., & Zhou, X. (2008). Involvement of cognitive control in sentence comprehension: Evidence from ERPs, Brain Research, 1203, 103-115.
Meng, X., Tian, X., Shu, H., Jian, J., & Zhou, X. (2008). ERP correlates of the development of orthographical and phonological processing during Chinese sentence reading. Brain Research, 1219, 91-102.
Ye, Z., Zhan, W., & Zhou, X. (2007). The semantic processing of syntactic structure in sentence comprehension: An ERP study. Brain Research, 1142, 135-145.
Meng, X., Tian X., Jian, J., & Zhou, X. (2007). Orthographic and phonological processing in Chinese dyslexic children: An ERP study on sentence reading. Brain Research, 1179, 119-130.
Ye, Z., Luo, Y.-J., Friederici, A. D., & Zhou, X. (2006). Semantic and syntactic processing in Chinese sentence comprehension: Evidence from event-related potentials. Brain Research, 1071, 186-196.
Meng, X., Sai, X., Wang, C., Wang, J., Sha, S., & Zhou, X. (2005). Auditory and speech processing and reading development in Chinese school children: Behavioural and ERP evidence. Dyslexia, 11, 292–310.
Grabe, E., Rosner, B. S., Garcia-Albea, J. E., & Zhou, X. (2003). Perception of English intonation by English, Spanish, and Chinese listeners. Language & Speech, 46, 375-401.
Zhou, X. (2002). Processing Chinese Words and Characters. In Stiftung Lesen (Ed.), Gutenbergs Folgen (pp. 215- 237). Baden-Baden, Germany: Nomos Verlagsgeellschaft.
Zhou, X. & Marslen-Wilson, W. (2000). The relative time course of semantic and phonological activation in reading Chinese. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 26,1245-1265.
Zhou, X. & Marslen-Wilson, W. (2000). Lexical representation of compound words: Cross-linguistic evidence. Psychologia, 43, 47-66.
Zhou, X., & Marslen-Wilson, W. (1999). The nature of sublexical processing in reading Chinese characters. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 25, 819-837.
Zhou, X., & Marslen-Wilson, W. (1999). Phonology, orthography, and lexical semantic activation in reading Chinese. Journal of Memory and Language, 41, 579-606.
Zhou, X., Marslen-Wilson, W., Taft, M., & Shu, H. (1999). Morphology, orthography, and phonology in reading Chinese. Language and Cognitive Processes, 14, 525-565.
Marslen-Wilson, W., & Zhou, X. (1999). Abstractness, allomorphy, and lexical architecture. Language and Cognitive Processes, 14, 321-352.
Wu, N., Shu, H., & Zhou, X. (1999). The nature and development of sublexical processing in reading Chinese. Language and Cognitive Processes, 14, 503-524.
Chen H.-C. & Zhou, X. (1999). Processing East Asian Languages. Special issue of Language and Cognitive Processes, Psychological Press.
Zhou, X., Shu, H., Bi, Y., & Sh-i, D. (1999). Is there phonologically mediated access to lexical semantics in reading Chinese? In J. Wang, A. Inhoff, & H.-C. Chen (Eds.) Reading Chinese script: A cognitive analysis (pp. 135-172). NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum。
Zhou, X., & Marslen-Wilson, W. (1999). Sublexical processing in reading Chinese characters. In J. Wang, A. Inhoff, & H.-C. Chen (Eds.) Reading Chinese script: A cognitive analysis (pp. 37-64). NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Zhou, X., & Marslen-Wilson, W. (1997). Spread of activation in the mental lexicon. In M. G. Shafto, & P. Langley (eds.), Proceedings of the Nineteenth Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society (pp.838-843). NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Zhou, X., & Marslen-Wilson, W. (1997). Sublexical processing in reading Chinese. In M. G. Shafto, & P. Langley (eds.), Proceedings of the Nineteenth Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society (pp.832-837). NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Marslen-Wilson, W., M. Ford., & Zhou, X. (1997). Modality-specific lexical access? In M. G. Shafto, & P. Langley (eds.), Proceedings of the Nineteenth Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society (pp.490-495). NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Zhou, X., & Marslen-Wilson, W. (1997). The abstractness of phonological representation in the Chinese mental lexicon. In H.-C. Chen (Ed). Cognitive Processing of Chinese and other Asian languages (pp. 3-26), Hong Kong: The Chinese University Press.
Marslen-Wilson, W., Zhou, X., & Ford, M. (1996). Modularity, morphology, and cognitive architecture. Yearbook of Morphology, 117-134.
Zhou, X., & Marslen-Wilson, W. (1996). Direct visual access is the only way to access the Chinese mental lexicon. In G. W. Cottrell (Ed.) Proceedings of the Eighteenth Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society (pp.714-719). NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Marslen-Wilson, W., Ford, M., Older, L., & Zhou, X. (1996). The combinatorial lexicon: Affixes as processing structures. In G. W. Cottrell (Ed.) Proceedings of the Eighteenth Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society (pp.223-227). NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Zhou, X., & Marslen-Wilson, W. (1995). Morphological structure in the Chinese mental lexicon. Language and Cognitive Processes, 10, 545-600.
Zhou, X., & Marslen-Wilson, W. (1994). Words, morphemes and syllables in the Chinese mental lexicon. Language and Cognitive Processes, 9, 393-422.
Zhou, X., Ostrin, R. K., & Tyler, L. K., (1993). The noun-verb problem and Chinese aphasia: Comments on Bates et al. (1991). Brian and Language, 45, 86-93.